简单介绍一下爬虫与HTML
2022/04/20 13:22:51
涓. 鐖櫕鏄粈涔堬紵
鐖櫕锛屼粠鏈川涓婃潵璇达紝灏辨槸鍒╃敤绋嬪簭鍦ㄧ綉涓婃嬁鍒板鎴戜滑鏈変环鍊肩殑鏁版嵁銆
1.1 娴忚鍣ㄥ伐浣滃師鐞
娴忚鍣ㄥ伐浣滃師鐞嗘荤殑鏉ヨ锛屽彲浠ョ敤涓嬮潰杩欏紶鍥炬潵琛ㄧず缁欏ぇ瀹剁湅锛
瑙ｆ瀽鏁版嵁锛氬綋鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦ妸鏁版嵁鍝嶅簲缁欐祻瑙堝櫒涔嬪悗锛屾祻瑙堝櫒骞朵笉浼氱洿鎺ユ妸鏁版嵁涓㈢粰鎴戜滑銆傚洜 涓鸿繖浜涙暟鎹槸鐢ㄨ绠楁満鐨勮瑷鍐欑殑锛屾祻瑙堝櫒杩樿鎶婅繖浜涙暟鎹炕璇戞垚鎴戜滑鑳界湅寰楁噦鐨勫唴瀹癸紱
鎻愬彇鏁版嵁锛氭垜浠氨鍙互鍦ㄦ嬁鍒扮殑鏁版嵁涓紝鎸戦夊嚭瀵规垜浠湁鐢ㄧ殑鏁版嵁锛
瀛樺偍鏁版嵁锛氬皢鎸戦夊嚭鏉ョ殑鏈夆饯鏁版嵁淇濆瓨鍦ㄦ煇涓鏂囦欢/鏁版嵁搴撲腑銆
1.2 鐖櫕宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊
鐖櫕宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊涔熷彲濡備笅鍥炬墍绀虹粰澶у琛ㄧ幇鍑烘潵锛
鑾峰彇鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忎細鏍规嵁鎴戜滑鎻愪緵鐨勨焦鍧锛屽悜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ彂璧疯姹傦紝鐒跺悗杩斿洖鏁版嵁锛
瑙ｆ瀽鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忎細鎶婃湇鍔″櫒杩斿洖鐨勬暟鎹В鏋愭垚鎴戜滑鑳借鎳傜殑鏍煎紡锛
鎻愬彇鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忓啀浠庝腑鎻愬彇鍑烘垜浠渶瑕佺殑鏁版嵁锛
鍌ㄥ瓨鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忔妸杩欎簺鏈夌敤鐨勬暟鎹繚瀛樿捣鏉ワ紝渚夸簬浣犳棩鍚庣殑浣跨敤鍜屽垎鏋愩
浜. Python鐖櫕鐨勪紭鍔
PHP: 铏界劧鏄笘鐣屼笂鏈濂界殑璇█,浣嗘槸澶╃敓涓嶆槸骞茬埇铏殑鍛,php瀵瑰绾跨▼,寮傛鏀寔涓嶈冻,骞 鍙戜笉瓒,鐖櫕鏄伐鍏锋х▼搴,瀵归熷害鍜屾晥鐜囪姹傝緝楂;
Java: 鐢熸佸湀瀹屽杽,鏄疨Ython鏈澶х殑瀵规墜,浣嗘槸java鏈韩寰堢閲,浠ｇ爜閲忓ぇ,閲嶆瀯鎴愭湰姣旇緝 楂,浠讳綍淇敼閮戒細瀵艰嚧澶ч噺鐨勪唬鐮佺殑鍙樺姩.鏈瑕佸懡鐨勬槸鐖櫕闇瑕佺粡甯镐慨鏀归儴鍒嗕唬鐮;
C/C++: 杩愯鏁堢巼鍜屾ц兘鍑犱箮鏈寮,浣嗘槸瀛︿範鎴愭湰闈炲父楂,浠ｇ爜鎴愬瀷杈冩參,鑳界敤C/C++鍐欑埇铏, 璇存槑鑳藉姏寰堝己,浣嗕笉鏄渶姝ｇ‘鐨勯夋嫨;
Python: 璇硶浼樼編,浠ｇ爜绠娲,寮鍙戞晥鐜囬珮,涓夋柟妯″潡澶,璋冪敤鍏朵粬鎺ュ彛涔熸柟渚, 鏈夊己澶х殑鐖 铏玈crapy,浠ュ強鎴愮啛楂樻晥鐨剆crapy鈥恟edis鍒嗗竷绛栫暐
涓. 浣撻獙鐖櫕
3.1 requests.get()
1锛夊畨瑁卹equests 搴擄細
Mac鐢佃剳饩ユ墦寮缁堢杞欢锛坱erminal锛夛紝杈撯紛 pip3 install requests 锛岀劧鍚庣偣鍑 enter锛
Windows鐢佃剳饩ュ彨鍛戒护鎻愮ず绗︼紙cmd锛夛紝杈撯紛 pip install requests 銆
2锛塺equests 搴撲綔鐢細
requests 搴撳彲浠ュ府鎴戜滑涓嬭浇缃戦〉婧愪唬鐮併佲絺鏈佸浘饨氾紝鐢氣緞鏄境棰戙傚叾瀹烇紝鈥滀笅杞解濇湰璐ㄤ笂鏄悜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ彂閫佽姹傚苟寰楀埌鍝嶅簲銆
3锛塺equests 搴撲娇鐢細
res = requests.get('URL')
requests.get 鏄湪璋冪敤requests搴撲腑鐨刧et()鏂规硶锛屽畠鍚戞湇鍔″櫒鍙戦佷簡饧涓姹傦紝鎷彿閲岀殑鍙傛暟鏄綘闇瑕佺殑鏁版嵁鎵鍦ㄧ殑饨瑰潃锛岀劧鍚庢湇鍔″櫒瀵硅姹備綔鍑轰簡鍝嶅簲銆傛垜浠妸杩欎釜鍝嶅簲杩斿洖鐨勭粨鏋滆祴鍊煎湪鍙橀噺res涓婏紝濡備笅鍥炬墍绀猴細
3.2 Response瀵硅薄鐨勫父鐢ㄥ睘鎬
Response瀵硅薄鐨勫父鐢ㄥ睘鎬ф湁浠ヤ笅鍑犵锛
1锛塺esponse.status_code 锛
浣滅敤锛氭墦鍗 response 鐨勫搷搴旂姸鎬佺爜锛屼互妫鏌ヨ姹傛槸鍚︽垚鍔熴
甯歌鐨勫搷搴旂姸鎬佺爜濡備笅锛
2锛塺esponse.content锛
浣滅敤锛氭妸 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勫唴瀹逛互饧嗚繘鍒舵暟鎹殑褰㈠紡杩斿洖锛岄傗饯浜庡浘鐗囥侀煶棰戙佽棰戠殑涓嬭浇銆
3锛塺esponse.text 锛
浣滅敤锛氭妸 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勫唴瀹逛互瀛楃涓茬殑褰㈠紡杩斿洖锛岄傗饯浜庘絺瀛椼佺綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜鐨勪笅杞姐
4锛塺esponse.encoding锛
鑳藉府鎴戜滑瀹氫箟 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勭紪鐮併傦紙闄勶細鍙湁閬囦笂鏂囨湰鐨勪贡鐮侀棶棰橈紝鎵嶈冭檻鐢╮es.encoding锛
3.3 姹囨诲浘瑙
鍥. 鐖櫕浼︾悊
4.1 Robots 鍗忚
Robots 鍗忚鏄簰鑱旂綉鐖緧鐨勨紑椤瑰叕璁ょ殑閬撳痉瑙勮寖锛屽畠鐨勫叏绉版槸鈥滅綉缁滅埇饩嶆帓闄ゆ爣鍑嗏濓紙Robots exclusion protocol锛夛紝杩欎釜鍗忚鐢ㄦ潵鍛婅瘔鐖緧锛屽摢浜涢〉闈㈡槸鍙互鎶撳彇鐨勶紝鍝簺涓嶅彲浠ャ
4.2 鍗忚鏌ョ湅
鍦ㄧ綉绔欑殑鍩熷悕鍚庡姞涓/robots.txt灏卞彲浠ヤ簡銆傚娣樺疂鐨剅obots鍗忚锛 http://www.taobao.com/robots.txt锛夛紱
鍗忚閲屾渶甯稿嚭鐜扮殑鑻辨枃鏄疉llow鍜孌isallow锛孉llow浠ｈ〃鍙互琚闂紝Disallow浠ｈ〃绂佹琚闂
浜. Python鐖櫕闇瑕佹帉鎻′粈涔
Python鍩虹璇硶
HTML鍩虹
濡備綍鎶撳彇椤甸潰: HTTP璇锋眰澶勭悊,urllib澶勭悊鍚庣殑璇锋眰鍙互妯℃嫙娴忚鍣ㄥ彂閫佽姹,鑾峰彇鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ搷搴旀枃浠 瑙ｆ瀽鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ搷搴旂殑鍐呭锛
鍚勭搴擄細re,xpath,BeautifulSoup4,jsonpath,pyquery 锛氱洰鐨勬槸浣跨敤鏌愮鎻忚堪鎬ц娉曟潵鎻愬彇鍖归厤瑙勫垯鐨勬暟鎹紱
濡備綍閲囧彇鍔ㄦ乭tml,楠岃瘉鐮佸鐞嗭細閫氱敤鐨勫姩鎬侀〉闈㈤噰闆, Selenium+PhantomJs(鏃犵晫闈㈡祻瑙堝櫒),妯℃嫙鐪熷疄娴忚鍣ㄥ姞杞絡s,ajax绛夐潪闈欐侀〉闈㈡暟鎹紱
Scrapy妗嗘灦 锛氬浗鍐呭父瑙佺殑妗嗘灦Scrapy,Pyspider 锛岄珮瀹氬埗鎬ч珮鎬ц兘(寮傛缃戠粶妗嗘灦twisted),鎵浠ユ暟鎹笅杞介熷害闈炲父蹇,鎻愪緵浜嗘暟鎹瓨鍌,鏁版嵁涓嬭浇,鎻愬彇瑙勫垯绛夌粍浠(寮傛缃戠粶妗嗘灦twisted绫讳技tornado)鍜孌jango锛孎lask鐩告瘮鐨勪紭鍔挎槸楂樺苟鍙戯紝鎬ц兘杈冨己 鐨勬湇鍔″櫒妗嗘灦锛
鍏. HTML鍩虹
HTML锛圚yper Text Markup Language锛夋槸鐢ㄦ潵鎻忚堪缃戦〉鐨勨紑绉嶈瑷锛屼篃鍙秴鏂囨湰鏍囪璇█銆
6.1 鏌ョ湅缃戦〉鐨 HTML 浠ｇ爜
鏄剧ず缃戦〉婧愪唬鐮
鍦ㄧ綉椤典换鎰忓湴饨呯偣鍑烩繌鏍囧彸閿紝鐒跺悗鐐瑰嚮鈥滄樉绀虹綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜鈥濄傦紙Windows绯荤粺鐨勭數
鑴戣繕鍙互浣库饯蹇嵎閿甤trl+u鏉ユ煡鐪嬬綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜锛
妫鏌
飳 windows锛氬湪缃戦〉鐨勭┖鐧藉鐐瑰嚮鍙抽敭锛岀劧鍚庨夋嫨鈥滄鏌モ濓紙蹇嵎鏂瑰紡鏄痗trl+shift+i锛夛紱
飳 mac锛 鍦ㄧ綉椤电殑绌虹櫧澶勭偣鍑诲彸閿紝鐒跺悗閫夋嫨鈥滄鏌モ濓紙蹇嵎閿 command + option + I(澶у啓 I )锛
6.2 HTML 鐨勭粍鎴
1锛夋爣绛惧拰鍏冪礌锛
鏍囩锛氬す鍦ㄥ皷鎷彿<>涓棿鐨勫瓧姣嶏紝鏍囩閫氬父鏄垚瀵瑰嚭鐜扮殑锛氬墠饩殑鏄愬紑濮嬫爣绛俱戯紝姣斿<body>锛涘悗饩殑鏄愮粨鏉熸爣绛俱戯紝濡</body>锛
鍏冪礌锛氬紑濮嬫爣绛+缁撴潫鏍囩+涓棿鐨勬墍鏈夊唴瀹圭粍鎴愩
HTML鏂囨。鍚湁璁稿鏍囩锛屾垜浠笉蹇呰浣忓畠浠紝浜嗚В鍑犱釜甯哥敤鐨勶紝娣蜂釜鑴哥啛鍗冲彲锛
娉ㄦ剰锛欻TML鏍囩鏄彲浠ュ祵濂楁爣绛剧殑锛岃屼笖鍙互澶氬眰宓屽锛涜繖灏卞儚鏄湪鐢佃剳涓紝饧涓‖鐩樺彲浠ュ寘鍚暟涓枃浠跺す锛屾枃浠跺す涓繕鍙互宓屽鏂囦欢澶广
6.3 缃戦〉澶村拰缃戦〉浣
HTML鏂囨。鐨勬渶澶栧眰鏍囩饧瀹氭槸<html>锛岄噷闈㈠祵濂楃潃<head>鍏冪礌涓<body>鍏冪礌銆
<head>鍏冪礌浠ｈ〃浜嗐愮綉椤靛ご銆戯紝<body>鍏冪礌浠ｈ〃浜嗐愮綉椤典綋銆戯紝杩欐槸鏈鍩烘湰鐨勭綉椤电粨鏋勩
銆愮綉椤靛ご銆戠殑鍐呭涓嶄細琚洿鎺ュ憟鐜板湪娴忚鍣ㄩ噷鐨勭綉椤垫鏂囦腑锛
銆愮綉椤典綋銆戠殑鍐呭鏄細鐩存帴鏄剧ず鍦ㄧ綉椤垫鏂囦腑鐨勩
HTML鐨勫熀鏈粨鏋勫涓嬫墍绀猴細
6.4 灞炴
娉ㄦ剰锛欻TML鐨勫睘鎬у拰Python涓殑灞炴т笉鏄紑涓笢瑗
h1 鏍囩鍙婂叾瀵瑰簲鐨勫睘鎬 style锛<h1 style="color:#20b2aa;">杩欎釜涔﹁嫅涓嶅お鍐</h1>
a 鏍囩鍙婂叾瀵瑰簲鐨勫睘鎬 href 锛 <a >鎴戞槸涓涓摼鎺ワ紝鐐规垜璇曡瘯</a>
甯歌HTML鐨勫睘鎬у強鐢ㄦ硶锛
涓. HTTP鍗忚涔嬭姹
鎴戜滑鍚戜竴涓綉鍧锛堜篃灏辨槸URL锛屼箣鍚庨噰鍙栫殑閮戒細鏄疷RL鐨勭О鍛硷級鍙戣捣璇锋眰锛岃繖涓猆RL鎵鍦ㄧ殑鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ細鐩稿簲鍦拌繑鍥炴垜浠竴涓粨鏋滐紝杩欎釜缁撴灉灏辨槸鍝嶅簲銆
鐪嬭捣鏉ヤ技涔庢槸涓涓緢绠鍗曠殑娴佺▼锛屽叾瀹炰笉鐒躲傛棤璁烘槸璇锋眰杩樻槸鍝嶅簲锛岄兘浼氶殣褰㈠湴鎼哄甫寰堝鍜岃姹傘佸搷搴旀湁鍏崇殑鍐呭锛屾帴涓嬫潵锛屾垜浠氨鏉ョ湅鐪嬮兘浼氭惡甯﹀摢浜涘弬鏁帮紙鍙傛暟鏈夊緢澶氾紝鎴戜滑鎸戜笅閲嶈鐨勮璁诧級
7.1 璇锋眰鎶ユ枃閲嶈鐗囨淇℃伅锛
鎴戜滑鏉ョ湅鐪嬭姹傛姤鏂囦腑鎴戜滑闇瑕佷簡瑙ｅ摢浜涗笌鐖櫕鏈夊叧鐨勪俊鎭細
锛塵ethod锛
杩欎釜瀛楁鏄敤鏉ユ寚鏄庤姹傜殑鏂规硶鏄摢涓绉嶇殑锛屽父鐢ㄧ殑璇锋眰鏂规硶鏈塆ET銆丳OST锛岃繖涓ょ璇锋眰鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒佷互鍙婂垎鍒傜敤浠涔堝満鏅紝鍚庨潰鎴戜滑浼氳缁嗚瑙ｃ傚鏋渕ethod鏄疓ET鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍦ㄤ娇鐢╮equests鐨勬椂鍊欙紝灏卞彧鑳界敤requests.get()锛屾瘮濡傝繖鏍凤細
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com')
濡傛灉method鏄疨OST鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍦ㄤ娇鐢╮equests鐨勬椂鍊欙紝灏卞彧鑳界敤requests.post()锛岃宲ost鏄姹傛槸闇瑕佷紶閫掓暟鎹殑锛岃繖涓箣鍚庝細璇︾粏浠嬬粛銆傛瘮濡傝繖鏍凤細
import requests
data = {
'username': 'kuuud',
'password': 'kuuud'
}
response = requests.post('https://www.wzhihu.com', data=data)
2锛堿ccept锛
杩欎釜瀛楁鏄敤鏉ラ氱煡鏈嶅姟鍣紝鐢ㄦ埛浠ｇ悊锛堟祻瑙堝櫒绛夊鎴风锛夎兘澶熷鐞嗙殑濯掍綋绫诲瀷鍙婂獟浣撶被鍨嬬殑鐩稿浼樺厛绾с傚彲浠ヤ娇鐢╰ype/subtype杩欑褰㈠紡锛屼竴娆″彲鎸囧畾澶氱濯掍綋绫诲瀷銆傚父鐢ㄧ殑濯掍綋绫诲瀷鏈変互涓嬪嚑绫伙細
鏂囨湰鏂囦欢锛歵ext/html锛宼ext/plain锛宼ext/css锛宎pplication/xhtml+xml锛 application/xml...
鍥剧墖鏂囦欢锛歩mage/jpeg锛宨mage/gif锛宨mage/png...
瑙嗛鏂囦欢锛歷ideo/mpeg锛寁edio/quicktime...
搴旂敤绋嬪簭浣跨敤鐨勪簩杩涘埗鏂囦欢锛歛pplication/octer-stream锛宎pplication/zip...
闄勶細姣斿璇存祻瑙堝櫒涓嶆敮鎸佸浘鐗嘝NG鐨勬樉绀猴紝閭ｄ箞accept灏变笉鎸囧畾image/png锛屽洜涓烘祻瑙堝櫒澶
鐞嗕笉浜嗐傦紙杩欎釜瀛楁闇瑕佷簡瑙ｏ紝灏ゅ叾鏄鏋滃悗鏈熸兂浠庝簨缃戠珯寮鍙戠殑绔ラ瀷锛
3锛塁ookie锛
瀹㈡埛绔彂璧疯姹傛椂锛屾湇鍔″櫒浼氳繑鍥炰竴涓敭鍊煎褰㈠紡鐨勬暟鎹粰娴忚鍣紝涓嬩竴娆℃祻瑙堝櫒鍐嶈闂繖涓煙鍚嶄笅鐨勭綉椤垫椂锛屽氨闇瑕佹惡甯﹁繖浜涢敭鍊煎 鏁版嵁鍦 Cookie涓紝鐢ㄦ潵璁板綍鐢ㄦ埛鍦ㄥ綋鍓嶅煙鍚嶄笅鐨勫巻鍙茶涓虹殑銆
鎻愬埌Cookie灏变笉寰椾笉鎻愶紝HTTP鏈韩鏄竴绉嶆棤鐘舵佺殑鍗忚锛屽畠鏄笉浼氫繚瀛樻瘡娆¤姹傚拰鍝嶅簲鐨
鐩稿叧淇℃伅鐨勶紝灏辨瘮濡傛垜浠櫥褰曟窐瀹濓紝濡傛灉娌℃湁Cookie鎶鏈紝閭ｄ箞鎴戜滑姣忚繘鍏ヤ竴涓窐瀹濈殑椤甸潰閮介渶瑕侀噸鏂扮櫥褰曚竴娆★紝杩欐牱鏄笉鏄細鐗瑰埆楹荤儲锛
灏辨槸鍥犱负杩欎釜鍘熷洜锛屾墠寮曞叆浜咰ookie鎶鏈紝浣垮緱鐢ㄦ埛鍦ㄤ竴涓煙鍚嶄笅鐨勫巻鍙茶涓鸿兘澶熷緱浠ヤ繚 瀛橈紝鍙鐧诲綍涓娆℃窐瀹濆氨鍙互浜嗭紝涓嶉渶瑕侀绻佸湴鐧诲綍锛岃屼笖鑳藉鐪嬪埌鍘嗗彶璁板綍銆
杩欎釜瀛楁寰堥噸瑕侊紝鍦ㄧ埇铏腑缁忓父浼氱敤鍒帮紝鍥犱负鏈夌殑鏁版嵁鍙湁鎼哄甫浜咰ookie鎵嶈兘澶熺埇鍙栧埌锛屾墍浠ョ粡甯镐細鏍规嵁鍓嶆璁块棶寰楀埌 cookie鏁版嵁锛岀劧鍚庢坊鍔犲埌涓嬩竴娆＄殑璁块棶璇锋眰澶翠腑銆
import requests
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
headers = {
'cookie': 'PSTM=1496322685; BIDUPSID=BC36002F7DA142E6674AE290CD5A38DB; _ _cfduid=ddf4836dd1f1ac99eeea8ef0f140493301522406372; BAIDUID=5FA7A2B4FDDA3C ECC6BE9B74FDCD00B8:FG=1; sugstore=1; BDUSS=1hvT3VoQmc5TDl5bFE1c2NjcGpOenByc nJTOEstZ0ZKcGs5UnB1dzVyU1hpYXRiQVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABCcYSYAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJf 8g1uX~INbR; BD_UPN=12314753; MCITY=鈥340%3A; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=7; BDRCVFR[Dq4jqEr7erC]=mk3SLVN4HKm; H_PS_PSSID=; BDORZ=FFFB88E999055A3F8A630C 64834BD6D0; H_PS_645EC=216feJgh%2BnAm%2BJD6G3sw10RBbYN1O%2FeCJqUhgtRyZ3OuJO 0EOqbXUwL8Kgf8zhqXH7RWxBnn; BDSVRTM=0; ispeed_lsm=6'
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
4锛塕efer:
杩欎釜瀛楁鐢ㄦ潵璁板綍娴忚鍣ㄤ笂娆¤闂殑URL锛屾湁鐨勭綉绔欎細閫氳繃璇锋眰涓湁娌℃湁鎼哄甫杩欎釜鍙傛暟鏉ュ垽鏂槸涓嶆槸鐖櫕锛屼粠鑰岀‘瀹氭槸鍚﹂檺鍒惰闂傛墍浠ユ湁鏃跺欎篃闇瑕佸湪headers涓坊鍔犱笂杩欎釜鍙傛暟銆
5锛塙ser-Agent:
鏄敤鏉ユ爣璇嗚姹傜殑娴忚鍣ㄨ韩浠界殑锛屽ぇ閮ㄥ垎缃戠珯閮戒細閫氳繃璇锋眰涓湁娌℃湁鎼哄甫杩欎釜鍙傛暟鏉ュ垽鏂槸涓嶆槸鐖櫕锛屼粠鑰岀‘瀹氭槸鍚﹂檺鍒惰闂傛墍浠ユ湁鏃跺欎篃闇瑕佸湪headers涓坊鍔犱笂杩欎釜鍙傛暟锛
浠ｇ爜濡備笅锛
import requests
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
headers = {
'user鈥恆gent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.139 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
浣嗗綋鎴戜滑瑕佺埇鍙栫殑鏁版嵁閲忔瘮杈冨ぇ鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浠呬粎鐢ㄤ竴涓猽ser-agent鏄笉澶熺殑锛屽洜涓烘湇鍔″櫒鍙堜笉鍌伙紝浣犱竴涓祻瑙堝櫒涓嶅仠鍦板湪璁块棶鎴戠殑URL锛岃屼笖棰戠巼閭ｄ箞蹇紝鑲畾涓嶆槸浜哄湪鍚庨潰鎿嶄綔锛岀劧鍚庡氨浼氶檺鍒朵綘鐨勮闂簡锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠粡甯镐細鐢ㄤ竴涓猽ser-agent鍒楄〃锛屾潵鍥炲湴鍒囨崲銆傝繖鏍锋湇鍔″櫒灏变細浠ヤ负鏄涓祻瑙堝櫒锛堜篃灏辨槸澶氫釜鐢ㄦ埛锛夊湪璁块棶URL锛屼細鍒ゆ柇杩欐槸姝ｅ父鐨勶紱
浠ｇ爜濡備笅锛
import requests,random
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
agent_list = [
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (K HTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.139 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en鈥恥s) AppleWebKit/53 4.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50',
'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0',
'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)'
]
# 杩欐槸涓涓猆ser鈥怉gent鍒楄〃锛屽湪浣跨敤鐨勬椂鍊欓殢鏈轰粠涓夊彇涓涓綔涓鸿姹傚ご鐨勫弬鏁颁紶閫掕繘鍘
headers = {
'user鈥恆gent': random.choice(agent_list)
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
7.2 HTTP璇锋眰鎶ユ枃
缁勬垚锛
璇锋眰琛 + 璇锋眰澶 + 璇锋眰浣
璇锋眰琛岋細璇锋眰鏂规硶锛岃姹傚湴鍧锛圲RL锛夛紝HTTp鐗堟湰
璇锋眰澶达紙鎶ユ枃澶达級锛氫互key-value鏂瑰紡瀛樺偍锛屽瓨鍌ㄦ槸瀹㈡埛绔俊鎭
璇锋眰浣擄紙鎶ユ枃浣擄級锛氶渶瑕佷紶閫掔殑涓浜涘弬鏁颁俊鎭
7.3 HTTP鍝嶅簲鎶ユ枃
缁勬垚锛
鍝嶅簲琛 + 鍝嶅簲澶 + 鍝嶅簲浣
鍝嶅簲琛岋細HTTp鐗堟湰锛岀姸鎬佺爜
鍝嶅簲澶达紙鎶ユ枃澶达級锛氭湇鍔＄淇℃伅
鍝嶅簲浣擄紙鎶ユ枃浣擄級锛氶渶瑕佷紶閫掔殑鏁版嵁
7.4 鐘舵佺爜锛
2寮澶
2xx:鎴愬姛绫
3xx锛氶噸瀹氬悜
4xx锛氬鎴风閿欒
5xx锛氭湇鍔＄閿欒
鍘熸枃閾炬帴锛歨ttps://blog.csdn.net/weixin_53919192/article/details/124232219
鐖櫕锛屼粠鏈川涓婃潵璇达紝灏辨槸鍒╃敤绋嬪簭鍦ㄧ綉涓婃嬁鍒板鎴戜滑鏈変环鍊肩殑鏁版嵁銆
1.1 娴忚鍣ㄥ伐浣滃師鐞
娴忚鍣ㄥ伐浣滃師鐞嗘荤殑鏉ヨ锛屽彲浠ョ敤涓嬮潰杩欏紶鍥炬潵琛ㄧず缁欏ぇ瀹剁湅锛
瑙ｆ瀽鏁版嵁锛氬綋鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦ妸鏁版嵁鍝嶅簲缁欐祻瑙堝櫒涔嬪悗锛屾祻瑙堝櫒骞朵笉浼氱洿鎺ユ妸鏁版嵁涓㈢粰鎴戜滑銆傚洜 涓鸿繖浜涙暟鎹槸鐢ㄨ绠楁満鐨勮瑷鍐欑殑锛屾祻瑙堝櫒杩樿鎶婅繖浜涙暟鎹炕璇戞垚鎴戜滑鑳界湅寰楁噦鐨勫唴瀹癸紱
鎻愬彇鏁版嵁锛氭垜浠氨鍙互鍦ㄦ嬁鍒扮殑鏁版嵁涓紝鎸戦夊嚭瀵规垜浠湁鐢ㄧ殑鏁版嵁锛
瀛樺偍鏁版嵁锛氬皢鎸戦夊嚭鏉ョ殑鏈夆饯鏁版嵁淇濆瓨鍦ㄦ煇涓鏂囦欢/鏁版嵁搴撲腑銆
1.2 鐖櫕宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊
鐖櫕宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊涔熷彲濡備笅鍥炬墍绀虹粰澶у琛ㄧ幇鍑烘潵锛
鑾峰彇鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忎細鏍规嵁鎴戜滑鎻愪緵鐨勨焦鍧锛屽悜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ彂璧疯姹傦紝鐒跺悗杩斿洖鏁版嵁锛
瑙ｆ瀽鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忎細鎶婃湇鍔″櫒杩斿洖鐨勬暟鎹В鏋愭垚鎴戜滑鑳借鎳傜殑鏍煎紡锛
鎻愬彇鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忓啀浠庝腑鎻愬彇鍑烘垜浠渶瑕佺殑鏁版嵁锛
鍌ㄥ瓨鏁版嵁锛氱埇饩嶇▼搴忔妸杩欎簺鏈夌敤鐨勬暟鎹繚瀛樿捣鏉ワ紝渚夸簬浣犳棩鍚庣殑浣跨敤鍜屽垎鏋愩
浜. Python鐖櫕鐨勪紭鍔
PHP: 铏界劧鏄笘鐣屼笂鏈濂界殑璇█,浣嗘槸澶╃敓涓嶆槸骞茬埇铏殑鍛,php瀵瑰绾跨▼,寮傛鏀寔涓嶈冻,骞 鍙戜笉瓒,鐖櫕鏄伐鍏锋х▼搴,瀵归熷害鍜屾晥鐜囪姹傝緝楂;
Java: 鐢熸佸湀瀹屽杽,鏄疨Ython鏈澶х殑瀵规墜,浣嗘槸java鏈韩寰堢閲,浠ｇ爜閲忓ぇ,閲嶆瀯鎴愭湰姣旇緝 楂,浠讳綍淇敼閮戒細瀵艰嚧澶ч噺鐨勪唬鐮佺殑鍙樺姩.鏈瑕佸懡鐨勬槸鐖櫕闇瑕佺粡甯镐慨鏀归儴鍒嗕唬鐮;
C/C++: 杩愯鏁堢巼鍜屾ц兘鍑犱箮鏈寮,浣嗘槸瀛︿範鎴愭湰闈炲父楂,浠ｇ爜鎴愬瀷杈冩參,鑳界敤C/C++鍐欑埇铏, 璇存槑鑳藉姏寰堝己,浣嗕笉鏄渶姝ｇ‘鐨勯夋嫨;
Python: 璇硶浼樼編,浠ｇ爜绠娲,寮鍙戞晥鐜囬珮,涓夋柟妯″潡澶,璋冪敤鍏朵粬鎺ュ彛涔熸柟渚, 鏈夊己澶х殑鐖 铏玈crapy,浠ュ強鎴愮啛楂樻晥鐨剆crapy鈥恟edis鍒嗗竷绛栫暐
涓. 浣撻獙鐖櫕
3.1 requests.get()
1锛夊畨瑁卹equests 搴擄細
Mac鐢佃剳饩ユ墦寮缁堢杞欢锛坱erminal锛夛紝杈撯紛 pip3 install requests 锛岀劧鍚庣偣鍑 enter锛
Windows鐢佃剳饩ュ彨鍛戒护鎻愮ず绗︼紙cmd锛夛紝杈撯紛 pip install requests 銆
2锛塺equests 搴撲綔鐢細
requests 搴撳彲浠ュ府鎴戜滑涓嬭浇缃戦〉婧愪唬鐮併佲絺鏈佸浘饨氾紝鐢氣緞鏄境棰戙傚叾瀹烇紝鈥滀笅杞解濇湰璐ㄤ笂鏄悜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ彂閫佽姹傚苟寰楀埌鍝嶅簲銆
3锛塺equests 搴撲娇鐢細
res = requests.get('URL')
requests.get 鏄湪璋冪敤requests搴撲腑鐨刧et()鏂规硶锛屽畠鍚戞湇鍔″櫒鍙戦佷簡饧涓姹傦紝鎷彿閲岀殑鍙傛暟鏄綘闇瑕佺殑鏁版嵁鎵鍦ㄧ殑饨瑰潃锛岀劧鍚庢湇鍔″櫒瀵硅姹備綔鍑轰簡鍝嶅簲銆傛垜浠妸杩欎釜鍝嶅簲杩斿洖鐨勭粨鏋滆祴鍊煎湪鍙橀噺res涓婏紝濡備笅鍥炬墍绀猴細
3.2 Response瀵硅薄鐨勫父鐢ㄥ睘鎬
Response瀵硅薄鐨勫父鐢ㄥ睘鎬ф湁浠ヤ笅鍑犵锛
1锛塺esponse.status_code 锛
浣滅敤锛氭墦鍗 response 鐨勫搷搴旂姸鎬佺爜锛屼互妫鏌ヨ姹傛槸鍚︽垚鍔熴
甯歌鐨勫搷搴旂姸鎬佺爜濡備笅锛
2锛塺esponse.content锛
浣滅敤锛氭妸 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勫唴瀹逛互饧嗚繘鍒舵暟鎹殑褰㈠紡杩斿洖锛岄傗饯浜庡浘鐗囥侀煶棰戙佽棰戠殑涓嬭浇銆
3锛塺esponse.text 锛
浣滅敤锛氭妸 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勫唴瀹逛互瀛楃涓茬殑褰㈠紡杩斿洖锛岄傗饯浜庘絺瀛椼佺綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜鐨勪笅杞姐
4锛塺esponse.encoding锛
鑳藉府鎴戜滑瀹氫箟 Response 瀵硅薄鐨勭紪鐮併傦紙闄勶細鍙湁閬囦笂鏂囨湰鐨勪贡鐮侀棶棰橈紝鎵嶈冭檻鐢╮es.encoding锛
3.3 姹囨诲浘瑙
鍥. 鐖櫕浼︾悊
4.1 Robots 鍗忚
Robots 鍗忚鏄簰鑱旂綉鐖緧鐨勨紑椤瑰叕璁ょ殑閬撳痉瑙勮寖锛屽畠鐨勫叏绉版槸鈥滅綉缁滅埇饩嶆帓闄ゆ爣鍑嗏濓紙Robots exclusion protocol锛夛紝杩欎釜鍗忚鐢ㄦ潵鍛婅瘔鐖緧锛屽摢浜涢〉闈㈡槸鍙互鎶撳彇鐨勶紝鍝簺涓嶅彲浠ャ
4.2 鍗忚鏌ョ湅
鍦ㄧ綉绔欑殑鍩熷悕鍚庡姞涓/robots.txt灏卞彲浠ヤ簡銆傚娣樺疂鐨剅obots鍗忚锛 http://www.taobao.com/robots.txt锛夛紱
鍗忚閲屾渶甯稿嚭鐜扮殑鑻辨枃鏄疉llow鍜孌isallow锛孉llow浠ｈ〃鍙互琚闂紝Disallow浠ｈ〃绂佹琚闂
浜. Python鐖櫕闇瑕佹帉鎻′粈涔
Python鍩虹璇硶
HTML鍩虹
濡備綍鎶撳彇椤甸潰: HTTP璇锋眰澶勭悊,urllib澶勭悊鍚庣殑璇锋眰鍙互妯℃嫙娴忚鍣ㄥ彂閫佽姹,鑾峰彇鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ搷搴旀枃浠 瑙ｆ瀽鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ搷搴旂殑鍐呭锛
鍚勭搴擄細re,xpath,BeautifulSoup4,jsonpath,pyquery 锛氱洰鐨勬槸浣跨敤鏌愮鎻忚堪鎬ц娉曟潵鎻愬彇鍖归厤瑙勫垯鐨勬暟鎹紱
濡備綍閲囧彇鍔ㄦ乭tml,楠岃瘉鐮佸鐞嗭細閫氱敤鐨勫姩鎬侀〉闈㈤噰闆, Selenium+PhantomJs(鏃犵晫闈㈡祻瑙堝櫒),妯℃嫙鐪熷疄娴忚鍣ㄥ姞杞絡s,ajax绛夐潪闈欐侀〉闈㈡暟鎹紱
Scrapy妗嗘灦 锛氬浗鍐呭父瑙佺殑妗嗘灦Scrapy,Pyspider 锛岄珮瀹氬埗鎬ч珮鎬ц兘(寮傛缃戠粶妗嗘灦twisted),鎵浠ユ暟鎹笅杞介熷害闈炲父蹇,鎻愪緵浜嗘暟鎹瓨鍌,鏁版嵁涓嬭浇,鎻愬彇瑙勫垯绛夌粍浠(寮傛缃戠粶妗嗘灦twisted绫讳技tornado)鍜孌jango锛孎lask鐩告瘮鐨勪紭鍔挎槸楂樺苟鍙戯紝鎬ц兘杈冨己 鐨勬湇鍔″櫒妗嗘灦锛
鍏. HTML鍩虹
HTML锛圚yper Text Markup Language锛夋槸鐢ㄦ潵鎻忚堪缃戦〉鐨勨紑绉嶈瑷锛屼篃鍙秴鏂囨湰鏍囪璇█銆
6.1 鏌ョ湅缃戦〉鐨 HTML 浠ｇ爜
鏄剧ず缃戦〉婧愪唬鐮
鍦ㄧ綉椤典换鎰忓湴饨呯偣鍑烩繌鏍囧彸閿紝鐒跺悗鐐瑰嚮鈥滄樉绀虹綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜鈥濄傦紙Windows绯荤粺鐨勭數
鑴戣繕鍙互浣库饯蹇嵎閿甤trl+u鏉ユ煡鐪嬬綉椤垫簮浠ｇ爜锛
妫鏌
飳 windows锛氬湪缃戦〉鐨勭┖鐧藉鐐瑰嚮鍙抽敭锛岀劧鍚庨夋嫨鈥滄鏌モ濓紙蹇嵎鏂瑰紡鏄痗trl+shift+i锛夛紱
飳 mac锛 鍦ㄧ綉椤电殑绌虹櫧澶勭偣鍑诲彸閿紝鐒跺悗閫夋嫨鈥滄鏌モ濓紙蹇嵎閿 command + option + I(澶у啓 I )锛
6.2 HTML 鐨勭粍鎴
1锛夋爣绛惧拰鍏冪礌锛
鏍囩锛氬す鍦ㄥ皷鎷彿<>涓棿鐨勫瓧姣嶏紝鏍囩閫氬父鏄垚瀵瑰嚭鐜扮殑锛氬墠饩殑鏄愬紑濮嬫爣绛俱戯紝姣斿<body>锛涘悗饩殑鏄愮粨鏉熸爣绛俱戯紝濡</body>锛
鍏冪礌锛氬紑濮嬫爣绛+缁撴潫鏍囩+涓棿鐨勬墍鏈夊唴瀹圭粍鎴愩
HTML鏂囨。鍚湁璁稿鏍囩锛屾垜浠笉蹇呰浣忓畠浠紝浜嗚В鍑犱釜甯哥敤鐨勶紝娣蜂釜鑴哥啛鍗冲彲锛
娉ㄦ剰锛欻TML鏍囩鏄彲浠ュ祵濂楁爣绛剧殑锛岃屼笖鍙互澶氬眰宓屽锛涜繖灏卞儚鏄湪鐢佃剳涓紝饧涓‖鐩樺彲浠ュ寘鍚暟涓枃浠跺す锛屾枃浠跺す涓繕鍙互宓屽鏂囦欢澶广
6.3 缃戦〉澶村拰缃戦〉浣
HTML鏂囨。鐨勬渶澶栧眰鏍囩饧瀹氭槸<html>锛岄噷闈㈠祵濂楃潃<head>鍏冪礌涓<body>鍏冪礌銆
<head>鍏冪礌浠ｈ〃浜嗐愮綉椤靛ご銆戯紝<body>鍏冪礌浠ｈ〃浜嗐愮綉椤典綋銆戯紝杩欐槸鏈鍩烘湰鐨勭綉椤电粨鏋勩
銆愮綉椤靛ご銆戠殑鍐呭涓嶄細琚洿鎺ュ憟鐜板湪娴忚鍣ㄩ噷鐨勭綉椤垫鏂囦腑锛
銆愮綉椤典綋銆戠殑鍐呭鏄細鐩存帴鏄剧ず鍦ㄧ綉椤垫鏂囦腑鐨勩
HTML鐨勫熀鏈粨鏋勫涓嬫墍绀猴細
6.4 灞炴
娉ㄦ剰锛欻TML鐨勫睘鎬у拰Python涓殑灞炴т笉鏄紑涓笢瑗
h1 鏍囩鍙婂叾瀵瑰簲鐨勫睘鎬 style锛<h1 style="color:#20b2aa;">杩欎釜涔﹁嫅涓嶅お鍐</h1>
a 鏍囩鍙婂叾瀵瑰簲鐨勫睘鎬 href 锛 <a >鎴戞槸涓涓摼鎺ワ紝鐐规垜璇曡瘯</a>
甯歌HTML鐨勫睘鎬у強鐢ㄦ硶锛
涓. HTTP鍗忚涔嬭姹
鎴戜滑鍚戜竴涓綉鍧锛堜篃灏辨槸URL锛屼箣鍚庨噰鍙栫殑閮戒細鏄疷RL鐨勭О鍛硷級鍙戣捣璇锋眰锛岃繖涓猆RL鎵鍦ㄧ殑鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ細鐩稿簲鍦拌繑鍥炴垜浠竴涓粨鏋滐紝杩欎釜缁撴灉灏辨槸鍝嶅簲銆
鐪嬭捣鏉ヤ技涔庢槸涓涓緢绠鍗曠殑娴佺▼锛屽叾瀹炰笉鐒躲傛棤璁烘槸璇锋眰杩樻槸鍝嶅簲锛岄兘浼氶殣褰㈠湴鎼哄甫寰堝鍜岃姹傘佸搷搴旀湁鍏崇殑鍐呭锛屾帴涓嬫潵锛屾垜浠氨鏉ョ湅鐪嬮兘浼氭惡甯﹀摢浜涘弬鏁帮紙鍙傛暟鏈夊緢澶氾紝鎴戜滑鎸戜笅閲嶈鐨勮璁诧級
7.1 璇锋眰鎶ユ枃閲嶈鐗囨淇℃伅锛
鎴戜滑鏉ョ湅鐪嬭姹傛姤鏂囦腑鎴戜滑闇瑕佷簡瑙ｅ摢浜涗笌鐖櫕鏈夊叧鐨勪俊鎭細
锛塵ethod锛
杩欎釜瀛楁鏄敤鏉ユ寚鏄庤姹傜殑鏂规硶鏄摢涓绉嶇殑锛屽父鐢ㄧ殑璇锋眰鏂规硶鏈塆ET銆丳OST锛岃繖涓ょ璇锋眰鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒佷互鍙婂垎鍒傜敤浠涔堝満鏅紝鍚庨潰鎴戜滑浼氳缁嗚瑙ｃ傚鏋渕ethod鏄疓ET鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍦ㄤ娇鐢╮equests鐨勬椂鍊欙紝灏卞彧鑳界敤requests.get()锛屾瘮濡傝繖鏍凤細
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com')
濡傛灉method鏄疨OST鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍦ㄤ娇鐢╮equests鐨勬椂鍊欙紝灏卞彧鑳界敤requests.post()锛岃宲ost鏄姹傛槸闇瑕佷紶閫掓暟鎹殑锛岃繖涓箣鍚庝細璇︾粏浠嬬粛銆傛瘮濡傝繖鏍凤細
import requests
data = {
'username': 'kuuud',
'password': 'kuuud'
}
response = requests.post('https://www.wzhihu.com', data=data)
2锛堿ccept锛
杩欎釜瀛楁鏄敤鏉ラ氱煡鏈嶅姟鍣紝鐢ㄦ埛浠ｇ悊锛堟祻瑙堝櫒绛夊鎴风锛夎兘澶熷鐞嗙殑濯掍綋绫诲瀷鍙婂獟浣撶被鍨嬬殑鐩稿浼樺厛绾с傚彲浠ヤ娇鐢╰ype/subtype杩欑褰㈠紡锛屼竴娆″彲鎸囧畾澶氱濯掍綋绫诲瀷銆傚父鐢ㄧ殑濯掍綋绫诲瀷鏈変互涓嬪嚑绫伙細
鏂囨湰鏂囦欢锛歵ext/html锛宼ext/plain锛宼ext/css锛宎pplication/xhtml+xml锛 application/xml...
鍥剧墖鏂囦欢锛歩mage/jpeg锛宨mage/gif锛宨mage/png...
瑙嗛鏂囦欢锛歷ideo/mpeg锛寁edio/quicktime...
搴旂敤绋嬪簭浣跨敤鐨勪簩杩涘埗鏂囦欢锛歛pplication/octer-stream锛宎pplication/zip...
闄勶細姣斿璇存祻瑙堝櫒涓嶆敮鎸佸浘鐗嘝NG鐨勬樉绀猴紝閭ｄ箞accept灏变笉鎸囧畾image/png锛屽洜涓烘祻瑙堝櫒澶
鐞嗕笉浜嗐傦紙杩欎釜瀛楁闇瑕佷簡瑙ｏ紝灏ゅ叾鏄鏋滃悗鏈熸兂浠庝簨缃戠珯寮鍙戠殑绔ラ瀷锛
3锛塁ookie锛
瀹㈡埛绔彂璧疯姹傛椂锛屾湇鍔″櫒浼氳繑鍥炰竴涓敭鍊煎褰㈠紡鐨勬暟鎹粰娴忚鍣紝涓嬩竴娆℃祻瑙堝櫒鍐嶈闂繖涓煙鍚嶄笅鐨勭綉椤垫椂锛屽氨闇瑕佹惡甯﹁繖浜涢敭鍊煎 鏁版嵁鍦 Cookie涓紝鐢ㄦ潵璁板綍鐢ㄦ埛鍦ㄥ綋鍓嶅煙鍚嶄笅鐨勫巻鍙茶涓虹殑銆
鎻愬埌Cookie灏变笉寰椾笉鎻愶紝HTTP鏈韩鏄竴绉嶆棤鐘舵佺殑鍗忚锛屽畠鏄笉浼氫繚瀛樻瘡娆¤姹傚拰鍝嶅簲鐨
鐩稿叧淇℃伅鐨勶紝灏辨瘮濡傛垜浠櫥褰曟窐瀹濓紝濡傛灉娌℃湁Cookie鎶鏈紝閭ｄ箞鎴戜滑姣忚繘鍏ヤ竴涓窐瀹濈殑椤甸潰閮介渶瑕侀噸鏂扮櫥褰曚竴娆★紝杩欐牱鏄笉鏄細鐗瑰埆楹荤儲锛
灏辨槸鍥犱负杩欎釜鍘熷洜锛屾墠寮曞叆浜咰ookie鎶鏈紝浣垮緱鐢ㄦ埛鍦ㄤ竴涓煙鍚嶄笅鐨勫巻鍙茶涓鸿兘澶熷緱浠ヤ繚 瀛橈紝鍙鐧诲綍涓娆℃窐瀹濆氨鍙互浜嗭紝涓嶉渶瑕侀绻佸湴鐧诲綍锛岃屼笖鑳藉鐪嬪埌鍘嗗彶璁板綍銆
杩欎釜瀛楁寰堥噸瑕侊紝鍦ㄧ埇铏腑缁忓父浼氱敤鍒帮紝鍥犱负鏈夌殑鏁版嵁鍙湁鎼哄甫浜咰ookie鎵嶈兘澶熺埇鍙栧埌锛屾墍浠ョ粡甯镐細鏍规嵁鍓嶆璁块棶寰楀埌 cookie鏁版嵁锛岀劧鍚庢坊鍔犲埌涓嬩竴娆＄殑璁块棶璇锋眰澶翠腑銆
import requests
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
headers = {
'cookie': 'PSTM=1496322685; BIDUPSID=BC36002F7DA142E6674AE290CD5A38DB; _ _cfduid=ddf4836dd1f1ac99eeea8ef0f140493301522406372; BAIDUID=5FA7A2B4FDDA3C ECC6BE9B74FDCD00B8:FG=1; sugstore=1; BDUSS=1hvT3VoQmc5TDl5bFE1c2NjcGpOenByc nJTOEstZ0ZKcGs5UnB1dzVyU1hpYXRiQVFBQUFBJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABCcYSYAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJf 8g1uX~INbR; BD_UPN=12314753; MCITY=鈥340%3A; delPer=0; BD_CK_SAM=1; PSINO=7; BDRCVFR[Dq4jqEr7erC]=mk3SLVN4HKm; H_PS_PSSID=; BDORZ=FFFB88E999055A3F8A630C 64834BD6D0; H_PS_645EC=216feJgh%2BnAm%2BJD6G3sw10RBbYN1O%2FeCJqUhgtRyZ3OuJO 0EOqbXUwL8Kgf8zhqXH7RWxBnn; BDSVRTM=0; ispeed_lsm=6'
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
4锛塕efer:
杩欎釜瀛楁鐢ㄦ潵璁板綍娴忚鍣ㄤ笂娆¤闂殑URL锛屾湁鐨勭綉绔欎細閫氳繃璇锋眰涓湁娌℃湁鎼哄甫杩欎釜鍙傛暟鏉ュ垽鏂槸涓嶆槸鐖櫕锛屼粠鑰岀‘瀹氭槸鍚﹂檺鍒惰闂傛墍浠ユ湁鏃跺欎篃闇瑕佸湪headers涓坊鍔犱笂杩欎釜鍙傛暟銆
5锛塙ser-Agent:
鏄敤鏉ユ爣璇嗚姹傜殑娴忚鍣ㄨ韩浠界殑锛屽ぇ閮ㄥ垎缃戠珯閮戒細閫氳繃璇锋眰涓湁娌℃湁鎼哄甫杩欎釜鍙傛暟鏉ュ垽鏂槸涓嶆槸鐖櫕锛屼粠鑰岀‘瀹氭槸鍚﹂檺鍒惰闂傛墍浠ユ湁鏃跺欎篃闇瑕佸湪headers涓坊鍔犱笂杩欎釜鍙傛暟锛
浠ｇ爜濡備笅锛
import requests
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
headers = {
'user鈥恆gent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.139 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
浣嗗綋鎴戜滑瑕佺埇鍙栫殑鏁版嵁閲忔瘮杈冨ぇ鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浠呬粎鐢ㄤ竴涓猽ser-agent鏄笉澶熺殑锛屽洜涓烘湇鍔″櫒鍙堜笉鍌伙紝浣犱竴涓祻瑙堝櫒涓嶅仠鍦板湪璁块棶鎴戠殑URL锛岃屼笖棰戠巼閭ｄ箞蹇紝鑲畾涓嶆槸浜哄湪鍚庨潰鎿嶄綔锛岀劧鍚庡氨浼氶檺鍒朵綘鐨勮闂簡锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠粡甯镐細鐢ㄤ竴涓猽ser-agent鍒楄〃锛屾潵鍥炲湴鍒囨崲銆傝繖鏍锋湇鍔″櫒灏变細浠ヤ负鏄涓祻瑙堝櫒锛堜篃灏辨槸澶氫釜鐢ㄦ埛锛夊湪璁块棶URL锛屼細鍒ゆ柇杩欐槸姝ｅ父鐨勶紱
浠ｇ爜濡備笅锛
import requests,random
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
agent_list = [
'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (K HTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.139 Safari/537.36',
'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; Intel Mac OS X 10_6_8; en鈥恥s) AppleWebKit/53 4.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1 Safari/534.50',
'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0',
'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)'
]
# 杩欐槸涓涓猆ser鈥怉gent鍒楄〃锛屽湪浣跨敤鐨勬椂鍊欓殢鏈轰粠涓夊彇涓涓綔涓鸿姹傚ご鐨勫弬鏁颁紶閫掕繘鍘
headers = {
'user鈥恆gent': random.choice(agent_list)
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
7.2 HTTP璇锋眰鎶ユ枃
缁勬垚锛
璇锋眰琛 + 璇锋眰澶 + 璇锋眰浣
璇锋眰琛岋細璇锋眰鏂规硶锛岃姹傚湴鍧锛圲RL锛夛紝HTTp鐗堟湰
璇锋眰澶达紙鎶ユ枃澶达級锛氫互key-value鏂瑰紡瀛樺偍锛屽瓨鍌ㄦ槸瀹㈡埛绔俊鎭
璇锋眰浣擄紙鎶ユ枃浣擄級锛氶渶瑕佷紶閫掔殑涓浜涘弬鏁颁俊鎭
7.3 HTTP鍝嶅簲鎶ユ枃
缁勬垚锛
鍝嶅簲琛 + 鍝嶅簲澶 + 鍝嶅簲浣
鍝嶅簲琛岋細HTTp鐗堟湰锛岀姸鎬佺爜
鍝嶅簲澶达紙鎶ユ枃澶达級锛氭湇鍔＄淇℃伅
鍝嶅簲浣擄紙鎶ユ枃浣擄級锛氶渶瑕佷紶閫掔殑鏁版嵁
7.4 鐘舵佺爜锛
2寮澶
2xx:鎴愬姛绫
3xx锛氶噸瀹氬悜
4xx锛氬鎴风閿欒
5xx锛氭湇鍔＄閿欒
鍘熸枃閾炬帴锛歨ttps://blog.csdn.net/weixin_53919192/article/details/124232219